Login Signup
Verified Document

Challenging The Beijing Consensus China Foreign Policy In The 21st Century Dissertation Or Thesis Complete

Related Topics:
Foreign Aid Foreign Policy Foreign Countries Neoliberalism
Open Document Cite Document

Foreign Policy of China (Beijing consensus) Structure of Chinese Foreign Policy

The "Chinese Model" of Investment

The "Beijing Consensus" as a Competing Framework

Operational Views

The U.S.-China (Beijing consensus) Trade Agreement and Beijing Consensus

Trading with the Enemy Act

Export Control Act.

Mutual Defense Assistance Control Act

Category B

Category C

The 1974 Trade Act.

The Operational Consequences of Chinese Foreign Policy

The World Views and China (Beijing consensus)

Expatriates

The Managerial Practices

Self Sufficiency of China (Beijing consensus)

China and western world: A comparison

The China (Beijing consensus)'s Policy of Trading Specialized Goods

Chapter 5

The versions of China (Beijing consensus)'s trade development

The China (Beijing consensus) Theory of Power Transition

References

Foreign Policy of China (Beijing consensus)

Chapter 1

Abbreviations

ACD arms control and disarmament

ACDA Arms Control and Disarmament Agency

ADB Asian Development Bank

ADF Asian Development Fund

APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

ARF ASEAN [Association of Southeast Asian Nations] Regional Forum

ASDF Air Self-Defense Forces

AShM anti-ship missiles

ASW antisubmarine warfare

AWACS airborne warning and command system

BIS Bank for International Settlements

BWC Biological Weapons Convention

CATIC China Agribusiness Development Trust and Investment Corporation

CBM confidence-building measure

CBNT Comprehensive Ban on Nuclear Testing

CCF Country Cooperation Framework

CCP Chinese Communist Party

CD Conference on Disarmament

CFC chlorofluorocarbon

CIS Commonwealth of Independent States

CISS China Institute for International Strategic Studies

CMC Central Military Commission

COW Correlates of War

CPs country programs

CTBT Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty

CWC Chemical Weapons Convention

CWG China Working Group

DDG guided-missile destroyers

DMCs developing member countries

EAEC East Asian Economic Caucus

EDI Economic Development Institute

EEC/EU European Economic Community/European Union

EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone

EPBs environmental protection bureaus

FALSG Foreign Affairs Leading Small Group

FDI foreign direct investments

FFG guided-missile frigate

FIAS Foreign Investment Advisory Service

FPDA Five-Power Defense Agreement G-7 Group of Seven

GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

GDP gross domestic product

GNP gross national product

HDI human development index

IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, World Bank

ICBM intercontinental ballistic missiles

ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

ICESCR International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

ICPs inter-country programs

IDA International Development Association

IDF Indigenous Defense Fighter

IFC International Finance Corporation

IGOs intergovernmental organizations

IISS International Institute for Strategic Studies

IMF International Monetary Fund

IOs international organizations

IR international relations

IRBM intermediate-range missiles

JSF Japan Special Fund

LDCs less-developed countries

LRF Laogai Research Foundation

ME military expenditures

MEIs multilateral economic institutions

MFN most-favored-nation

MIGA Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency

MNCs multinational corporations

MOFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs

MSDF Maritime Self-Defense Forces

MTCR Missile Technology Control Regime

NAM Non-Aligned Movement

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization

NDPO National Defense Program Outline

NEPA National Environmental Protection Agency

NGOs nongovernmental organizations

NIEO New International Economic Order

NMD national defense missile

NPT Non-Proliferation Treaty

ODA official development assistance

PLA People's Liberation Army

PLAAF People's Liberation Army Air Force

PLAN PLA Navy

PPP purchasing power parity

PRC People's Republic of China (Beijing consensus)

RFE Russian Far East

RMA Revolution in Military Affairs

RMB renminbi

SAM surface-to-air missiles

SDF Self-Defense Forces

SLOC Sea Lanes of Communication

SOCBs state-owned commercial banks

SOEs state-owned enterprises

SPC State Planning Commission

SSBN nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine

SSK kilo-class diesel-electric submarines

SSN nuclear-powered submarines

SSTC State Science and Technology Commission

TATF Technical Assistance Trust Funds Program

TMD theater missile defense

TNW theater nuclear weapons

TRA Taiwan Relations Act TVEs town and village enterprises

TWG Taiwan Working Group

UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development

UNCHE United Nations Conference on the Human Environment

UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

UNDP United Nations Development Program

UK United Kingdom

USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

WBG World Bank Group WTO World Trade Organization

Introduction

1.2 The Significance and Background of Research

For about two decades, Beijing consensus has pursued a long-term economic development strategy based upon expanded domestic markets; accelerated capital formation; far-reaching monetary, fiscal,...

Critical components of China (Beijing consensus)'s ambitious program to build a prosperous modern economy have been an acceptance of a market economy (euphemistically called "socialism with Chinese characteristics") and participation in the world economy. If domestic reforms have provided economic incentives and institutional foundations for future prosperity, China (Beijing consensus)'s open door policy has brought increased access to foreign capital and expertise as well as the longer-range economic benefits of Ricardo's international trade theory of comparative advantage (Sutter & Choi, 1996, p. 27).
Since 1980 China's modernization policies have involved membership and active participation in a number of multilateral economic institutions (MEIs). Although China (Beijing consensus) has received invaluable technical expertise, technology, and capital resources through the MEIs, membership has also entailed an obligation for China (Beijing consensus) to open its economy and institutions to outside scrutiny, study, evaluation, and suggestions regarding its development strategy (Tang, 1959, p. 52). The MEIs include the World Bank Group (WBG) -- the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), or World Bank, and its affiliated agencies, the International Development Association (IDA), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) (Sutter & Choi, 1996, p. 27).

Though China (Beijing consensus) has been unable thus far to join the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and Trade (GATT) and its successor, the World Trade Organization (WTO), in September 1996 China (Beijing consensus)'s central bank, along with its counterparts in eight of the world's fastest growing economies, was invited to join the prestigious Swiss-based Bank for International Settlements (BIS). The research intends to focus on China (Beijing consensus)'s participation in the MEIs; on the nature and consequences of those relationships for China (Beijing consensus)'s economic policies, institutions, and performance; and on a number of current issues and implications for both China (Beijing consensus) and the world community. As with all good research, the growing consensus about, and knowledge of, the policymaking structure raise as many questions as they answer. It seems quite clear that the policymaking process for the Mao period and large parts of the Deng period was vertically organized, especially for foreign policy issues. Mao and Deng were the final arbiters of Chinese foreign policy making. But is it an immutable aspect of the nature of power in China (Beijing consensus) that the top leader always takes foreign policy making as his prerogative, or is it a reflection of the particular authority and power associated with both Mao and Deng? (Tang, 1959, p. 52)

Although we now know a great deal about the structure of the decision making process, does this really tell us much about the resulting foreign policy? Regardless of the decision making structure, Chinese statesmen are basically realist analysts of international affairs, some insightful observers argue. Most of the recent revelations about foreign policy decision making have focused on diplomacy and the role of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs or on particular instances of the use of force. But there is little systematic work done on the integration of diplomatic, military, and foreign trade- related decision making. How are the diverse elements of China (Beijing consensus)'s interactions with the outside world integrated into a more or less unified whole? Finally, how do international and domestic influences affect the nature of the decisions reached by the Chinese leadership on international issues? Thus, our knowledge has grown dramatically, but the number of issues resolved by this new information is still relatively small (Sutter & Choi, 1996, p. 27).

In this research I will survey the decision making apparatus as it bears on China (Beijing consensus)'s international posture and will describe the structure of the system as it has developed over time. I will present five short case studies of important or telling incidents in the history of China (Beijing consensus)'s relations with the outside world, drawing some conclusions about the nature of the policymaking process from them. I will conclude with the likely evolution of the foreign policy making process and decision rules in the emerging post- Deng era (Tang, 1959, p. 52).

In terms of political values, the era of Maoism is long past. Although China (Beijing consensus) remains authoritarian, the success of its political economy in tripling gross domestic product over the past three decades has made it attractive to many developing countries. In parts of Asia, Africa, and Latin America, the so-called "Beijing consensus" on authoritarian government plus a market economy has become more popular than the previously dominant "Washington consensus" of market economics with democratic government. This has been reinforced by the 2008 financial crisis, and China (Beijing consensus) has reinforced its attraction by economic aid and access to its growing market.

China (Beijing consensus) has also adjusted its diplomacy. A decade ago, it was wary of multilateral arrangements and at cross purposes with many of its neighbors. It has since joined the World Trade Organization, contributed more than 3000 troops to serve in UN peacekeeping operations, become more helpful on non-proliferation diplomacy (including hosting the six power talks on North Korea), settled territorial disputes with neighbors, and joined a variety of regional organizations of which the East Asian summit is only the latest example.

But just as China (Beijing consensus)'s economic and military power does not yet match that of the United States, China (Beijing consensus)'s soft power still has a long way to go as demonstrated by a Chicago Council on Global Affairs poll. China (Beijing consensus) does not have cultural industries like Hollywood, and its universities are not yet the equal of the United States. It lacks the many non-governmental organizations that generate much of U.S. soft power. Politically, China (Beijing consensus) suffers from corruption, inequality, and a lack of democracy, human rights, and the…

Continue Reading...
Sources used in this document:
References

Barnett, A.D. (1977). China (Beijing consensus) and the Major Powers in East Asia. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution. Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=34158088

Boorman, H.L., Eckstein, A., Mosely, P.E., & Schwartz, B. (1957). Moscow-Peking Axis: Strengths and Strains (1st ed.). New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers. Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=53424557

Sardesai, D.R. (1974). Chapter 6 India: A Balancer Power?. In Southeast Asia under the New Balance of Power, Chawla, S., Gurtov, M., & Marsot, A. (Eds.) (pp. 94-104). New York: Praeger. Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=14691923

Chawla, S., Gurtov, M., & Marsot, A. (Eds.). (1974). Southeast Asia under the New Balance of Power. New York: Praeger. Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=14691822
Chen, J. (1992). Ideology in U.S. Foreign Policy: Case Studies in U.S. China (Beijing consensus) Policy. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=27413189
Howe, C. (Ed.). (1996). China (Beijing consensus) and Japan: History, Trends, and Prospects. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=23171344
(1996). Sino-Japanese Controversy Since the 1972 Diplomatic Normalization*. In China (Beijing consensus) and Japan: History, Trends, and Prospects, Howe, C. (Ed.) (pp. 60-82). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=23171409
Kim, S.S. (Ed.). (1984). China (Beijing consensus) and the World: Chinese Foreign Policy Faces the New Millennium. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=9971613
Cited, N. (1933). The Manchurian Question Japan's Case in the Sino-Japanese Dispute as Presented before the League of Nations. Geneva: League of Nations. Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=10185836
Clyde, P.H. (1940). United States Policy Toward China (Beijing consensus); Diplomatic Public Documents, 1839-1939, Selected and Arranged by Paul Hibbert Clyde. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=102186549
Davenport, R.W. (Ed.). (1951). U.S.A.: The Permanent Revolution (1st ed.). New York: Prentice-Hall. Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=34616832
Dawisha, A. & Dawisha, K. (Eds.). (1995). The Making of Foreign Policy in Russia and the New States of Eurasia. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=29154247
Deng, Y. (2001). The Making of Chinese Foreign and Security Policy in the Era of Reform, 1978-2000. China (Beijing consensus) Review International, 8(2), 420+. Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002439131
Dietrich, J.W. (1999). Interest Groups and Foreign Policy: Clinton and the China (Beijing consensus) MFN Debates. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 29(2), 280. Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001263845
Dimitrov, M. (2007). China (Beijing consensus) Rising: Power and Motivation in Chinese Foreign Policy. Journal of East Asian Studies, 7(1), 168+. Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5028563102
Doak, A.B. (1995). Decision-Making in Deng's China (Beijing consensus): Perspectives from Insiders (C. L. Hamrin & S. Zhao, Ed.). Armonk, NY M.E. Sharpe. Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=37416185
Ellison, H.J. (Ed.). (1982). The Sino-Soviet Conflict: A Global Perspective. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=101611178
Finley, H. (2009). Huiyun Feng. Chinese Strategic Culture and Foreign Policy Decision-Making: Confucianism, Leadership and War. China (Beijing consensus) Review International, 16(2), 173+. Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5044969257
Fischler, L. (2004). Chinese Foreign Policy in Transition. China (Beijing consensus) Review International, 11(1), 138+. Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5008609794
Foster, J.W. (1903). American Diplomacy in the Orient. New York: Houghton Mifflin and Company. Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=8100657
Gurtov, M. (1975). China (Beijing consensus) and Southeast Asia, the Politics of Survival: A Study of Foreign Policy Interaction. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=52985976
Gurtov, M. (1975). China (Beijing consensus) and Southeast Asia, the Politics of Survival: A Study of Foreign Policy Interaction. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=54448963
Nagel, S.S. (Ed.). (2000). Handbook of Global Economic Policy. New York: Marcel Dekker. Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=109110194
Hsiung, J.C. (1972). Law and Policy in China (Beijing consensus)'s Foreign Relations: A Study of Attitudes and Practice. New York: Columbia University Press. Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=3549892
Hu, C. (Ed.). (1962). Chinese Education under Communism (2nd ed.). New York: Teachers College, Columbia University. Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=59408642
Huwaidin, M.B. (2002). China (Beijing consensus)'s Relations with Arabia and the Gulf, 1949-1999. London: Routledge. Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=108133495
Johnston, A.I. (1984). 3 International Structures and Chinese Foreign Policy. In China (Beijing consensus) and the World: Chinese Foreign Policy Faces the New Millennium, Kim, S.S. (Ed.) (pp. 55-79). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=9971679
Lattimore, O. (1950). Pivot of Asia: Sinkiang and the Inner Asian Frontiers of China (Beijing consensus) and Russia (1st ed.). Boston: Little, Brown and Company. Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=7966506
Levy, R., Lacam, G., & Roth, A. (1941). French Interests and Policies in the Far East: Part I. A Century of French Far Eastern Affairs. New York: . Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=16238877
Li, H. (1991). Sino-Latin American Economic Relations. New York: Praeger Publishers. Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=27271530
Lin, K. (2006). Lawrence C. Reardon. The Reluctant Dragon: Crisis Cycles in Chinese Foreign Economic Policy. China (Beijing consensus) Review International, 13(2), 503+. Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5024606008
Lombardi, M.O., & Sahota, S.S. (2000). 4 International Financial Institutions and the Politics of Structural Adjustment. In Handbook of Global Economic Policy, Nagel, S.S. (Ed.) (pp. 65-92). New York: Marcel Dekker. Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=109110295
Lu, N. (1997). The Dynamics of Foreign-Policy Decisionmaking in China (Beijing consensus). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=30529791
Pavlovsky, M.N. (1949). Chinese-Russian Relations. New York: Philosophical Library. Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=3873247
Penrose, S.K. (1998). Recognising the People's Republic of China (Beijing consensus): A Reappraisal of Australian Foreign Policy during the First Menzies Ministry 1950-51. The Australian Journal of Politics and History, 44(2), 209. Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001501413
Pirenne, J. (1962). The Tides of History (Edwards, L., Trans.) (Vol. 1). New York E.P. Dutton. Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98708655
Pitty, R. (2005). Way Behind in Following the U.S.A. over China (Beijing consensus): The Lack of Any Liberal Tradition in Australian Foreign Policy, 1970-72. The Australian Journal of Politics and History, 51(3), 440+. Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5011211420
Pollard, R.T. (1933). China (Beijing consensus)'s Foreign Relations: 1917-1931. New York: The Macmillan Company. Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=17688173
Stromberg, R.N. (1963). Collective Security and American Foreign Policy: From the League of Nations to NATO. New York: Frederick A. Praeger. Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=57342809
Sutter, R.G., & Choi, S. (1996). Shaping China (Beijing consensus)'s Future in World Affairs: The Role of the United States. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=27157988
Tang, P.S. (1959). Russian and Soviet Policy in Manchuria and Outer Mongolia, 1911-1931. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=24533570
Tarzi, S.M. (2009). China (Beijing consensus) and Foreign Direct Investment: Market-oriented Policies and Fdi Inflows. The Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies, 34(3), 275+. Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5045208407
Wishnick, E. (2006). Alastair Iain Johnston and Robert S. Ross, Editors. New Directions in the Study of China (Beijing consensus)'s Foreign Policy. China (Beijing consensus) Review International, 13(2), 423+. Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5024605928
Zhai, Q. (2008). Yufan Hao and Lin Su, Editors. China (Beijing consensus)'s Foreign Policy Making: Societal Force and Chinese-American Policy. China (Beijing consensus) Review International, 15(1), 97+. Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5038389886
Zhu, Z. (2006). Xuanli Liao. Chinese Foreign Policy Think Tanks and China (Beijing consensus)'s Policy towards Japan. China (Beijing consensus) Review International, 13(2), 463+. Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5024605968
Cite this Document:
Copy Bibliography Citation

Sign Up for Unlimited Study Help

Our semester plans gives you unlimited, unrestricted access to our entire library of resources —writing tools, guides, example essays, tutorials, class notes, and more.

Get Started Now